Insecticidal esters

ABSTRACT

The (+), (-) and (±) forms of the compounds of formula I ##STR1## wherein R 1  is hydrogen or a methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, nitro or amino group, and 
     R 2  is a hydrogen or methyl group or R 1  and R 2  together form a methylenedioxy group; 
     R 3  is hydrogen, or a lower alkyl group, or one of the following groups (a) to (d): 
     (a) m-phenoxybenzyl 
     (b) 2-benzyl-4-furylmethyl 
     (c) α-cyano-m-phenoxybenzyl 
     (d) 3,4-methylenedioxy-benzyl, and 
     R 4  and R 5  are the same or different groups and each is a fluoro, bromo, chloro or methyl group. 
     The compounds of formula I in which R 3  is one of group (a) to (d) are extremely active as insecticides (except when R 1  is an amino group). The compounds also possess the property of contact repellency to insects.

This invention relates to new insecticidal compounds, methods for preparing these compounds and to new insecticidal compositions containing the compounds.

Throughout this specification, where the context permits, the word "insect" is used in its broad common usage and includes spiders, mites, nematodes and other pests which are not classed as insects in the strict biological sense. Thus the term implies reference not only to those small invertebrate animals belonging mostly to the class Insecta, comprising six-legged, usually winged forms, such as beetles, bugs, flies and the like, but also to other allied classes of arthropods whose members are wingless and usually have more than six legs, such as spiders, wood lice and the like, and especially to the order Acaridae which includes the mites and ticks. The words "insecticide" and "insecticidal" are similarly used.

The compounds provided by this invention have the general formula I ##STR2## wherein

R¹ is hydrogen or a methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, methylthio ethylthio, propylthio, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, nitro or amino group, and

R² is hydrogen or methyl group or R¹ and R² together form a methylenedioxy group;

R³ is hydrogen, or a lower alkyl group, or one of the following groups (a) to (d): ##STR3## and R⁴ and R are the same or different groups and each is a fluoro, bromo, chloro or methyl group.

Known compounds which can be regarded as related to the compounds of formula I are those in which the groups (a) to (c) are present as esterifying groups with chrysanthemic acid in commercial pyrethroids. The acid of the present invention (formula I, R³ =H) and its esters are novel.

The compounds of formula I in which R³ is one of groups (a) to (d) are extremely active as insecticides, except when R¹ is an amino group, having an insecticidal activity an order of magnitude greater than most known insecticides. The substituents (a) to (d) might be considered to embrace both heterocyclic (i.e., substituents b and d) and non-heterocyclic (i.e., substituents a and c) substituents. This is also true for the R¹ and R² substituents. These compounds also possess the property of contact repellency to insects.

The compounds of formula I in which R¹ =NH₂ are useful as intermediates in the preparation of compounds with R¹ =other chemical groups as shown in Example J, but are not active as insecticides.

The compounds of formula I in which R³ =H or lower alkyl are useful as intermediates in the preparation of the other esters with R³ =(a) to (d) as shown below.

The compounds of formula I are optically active and can be resolved into their optical isomers by conventional methods. The invention thus includes the individual optical isomers of the compounds as well as the racemic forms.

It should also be noted that the insecticidal activities of optical isomers of the compounds I (R³ =(a) to (d) may differ by an order of magnitude or more. The (-) form (shown by x-ray diffraction to be of --S-- configuration) is always more active than the (+) form.

The invention also includes methods for the synthesis of the compounds I.

The compounds I in which R³ is one of the groups (a) to (d) may be prepared by esterification of the free acid (formula I, R³ =H) with the appropriate alcohol R³ OH, where R³ is one of the groups (a) to (d). Such esterification may be carried out by any suitable known method, e.g., by direct reaction or by prior conversion of the acid and/or the alcohol to a suitable reactive derivative, or by an ester interchange reaction between the alcohol R³ OH (R³ =(a) to (d) and a lower alkyl ester of the acid.

The acid (formula I, R³ =H) is prepared (as its ethyl ester) by free radical addition of the carbene :CR⁴ R⁵ (where R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined above) to the substituted phenylacrylic ester of formula II ##STR4## where R¹ and R² are as defined above.

The esters II may be obtained according to the following general procedure:

(1) The appropriately substituted phenylacetic ester (V) is condensed with a di(lower alkyl)oxalate in the presence of a basic catalyst, to produce a sodium enolate salt (IV).

(2) The solution of the enolate is acidified to give the corresponding phenyloxaloacetate (III).

(3) The compound III is reacted with formaldehyde under alkaline conditions to give the phenyl hydroxymethyl acetate which on dehydration (spontaneously) yields the phenylacrylic ester (II).

This reaction sequence is illustrated in the following overall reaction scheme. It will be appreciated that the specific acids and bases indicated may be replaced by other suitable compounds. Also lower alkyl esters, other than the ethyl esters shown may be employed. ##STR5## The radical :CR⁴ R⁵ may be generated from one of the following sources

(i) Where R⁴ =Cl and R⁵ =F, Cl or Br; by reaction of the appropriate haloform HCR⁴ ₂ R⁵ or HCR⁴ R⁵ ₂ with alkali in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, e.g. triethylbenzylammonium chloride

    HCCl.sub.3 →:CCl.sub.2

    HCCl.sub.2 F→:CClF

    HCBr.sub.2 Cl→:CBrCl

(ii) Where R⁴ =R⁵ =F or Cl; from CF₂ Cl--COONa or CCl₃ --COONa respectively.

(iii) Where R⁴ =R⁵ =CH₃ ; from ##STR6##

The general approach to formation of the esters of the invention is as follows: ##STR7## where A is ##STR8## R¹, R², R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined above and R³ is one of the groups (a) to (d) defined above.

Alternatively the ethyl ester can be directly converted as follows: ##STR9##

The phenyl acrylic acids (formula II) can also be prepared, in a lower yield, by a method derived from that of G. Schwenker, H. Meyer, and S. Strauss, Arch. Pharmac., 305, 839 (1972) which consists of reacting the corresponding ester of phenylacetic acid with paraformaldehyde in dimethyl sulphoxide in the presence of sodium alkoxide. The α-hydroxymethylated phenyl acetic acid ester thus prepared is stable but we have found that it can be dehydrated to the acrylate. (The latter step was not reported in the publication.)

In a modification of the general method described above the phenyl acrylic ester II can be converted into the ester IIa by any suitable procedure ##STR10## where R³ is one of groups (a) to (d).

The ester IIa is then reacted with the carbene :CR⁴ R⁵ to give the required compound of formula I.

The compounds of formula IV as stated above are also novel and form a part of this invention.

The new compounds described herein may be incorporated in a suitable inert solvent, or mixture of solvents, or in a solid mixture, with or without other substances, such as wetting, dispersing and sticking agents. The compounds may be employed in such compositions either as the sole toxic agent or in combination with other insecticides such as pyrethrum, rotenone, or with fungicidal or bactericidal agents, to provide compositions useful for household and agricultural dusts and sprays, textile coating and impregnation, and the like. The compounds may be dissolved in suitable organic solvents to provide solutions of enhanced utility. The new compounds may also be placed in aqueous suspension by dispersing organic solvent solutions of the compounds in water. The new compounds may also be mixed with an inert, finely divided, solid diluent or carrier. The insecticidal compounds may be admixed in their original forms or in solution. The new compounds are active against injurious insects of many kinds, such as moths, mosquitoes, flies, beetles and others.

In particular, the compounds of the invention may be advantageously combined with other substances which have a synergistic or potentiating action. Generally such substances are of the class of microsomal oxidase inhibitors i.e. they inhibit the detoxification of insecticides in insects produced by the action of oxidative enzymes. Typical substances of this type are the pyrethrin synergists of which the following are examples:

    ______________________________________                                         Common Name   Chemical Name                                                    ______________________________________                                         Piperonyl butoxide                                                                           α-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-                                        methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene                                   Piperonyl cyclonene                                                                          3-hexyl-5(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-                                           2-cyclohexanone                                                  "Sesoxane" (Sesamex)                                                                         2-(3,4-methylenedioxy-phenoxy)-                                                3,6,9-trioxaundecane                                             "Sulfoxide"   1,2-(methylenedioxy)-4-[ 2-(octyl-                                             sulfinyl)propyl]-benzene                                         n-Propyl isome                                                                               dipropyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-7-                                                 methylnaphtho-[2,3-d]-1,3-                                                     dioxole-5,6-dicarboxylate                                        ______________________________________                                          ("Sesoxane", "Sesamex" and "Sulphoxide" are Registered Trade Marks.)     

We have found that `Sesoxane` (made by Shulton Inc., Clifton, N.J., U.S.A) is particularly useful as a potentiator. The amount of `Sesoxane` used may vary from 1/1000th to five times the weight of the compound I the preferred range being from about 1/100th to an equal part by weight. Piperonyl butoxide also is a useful potentiator in similar amounts.

The preparation and properties of the compounds of the invention are illustrated by the following specific examples. It should be noted, of course, that these examples are intended to be illustrative of the methods and procedures utilized in preparing the compounds and that they are not intended to be restrictive or to be regarded as embodying the only way in which the compounds can be formed and recovered.

All temperatures are in Celsius.

EXAMPLE A

The following example shows the general method of forming the 2-aryl-acrylic acid esters. (Formula II)

Ethyl-2-(p-ethoxyphenyl)-acrylate

Alcohol-free sodium ethoxide freshly prepared from sodium (13.9 g) and excess ethanol was slurried in dry benzene (200 ml). To this suspension diethyl oxalate (88.5 g) was added over 15 minutes. Ethyl-p-ethoxyphenylacetate (V) (114.2 g) was added to the resulting clear yellow solution over 30 minutes at room temperature. After a further 1 hour period the reaction mixture solidified. The solid, sodium diethyl-2-p-ethoxyphenyl-3-ethoxy-3-oxidooxaloacetate (IV) was triturated and washed well with ether. The combined ether washings were evaporated to a small volume to obtain a second crop of the salt.

The combined yield was 227.4 g.

The sodium salt was acidified by adding it in portions to a well stirred emulsion of equal parts of diethyl ether and dilute acetic acid (approximately 10%). After separation the ether layer was washed with water and dilute sodium bicarbonate solution, and dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate. After evaporation of the ether, the resulting oil was crystallized from petroleum ether (b.p. 60°-80°), to yield diethyl-2-p-ethoxyphenyl-oxaloacetate (III) 143.8 g (85%), m.p. 59°-60°.

The keto-ester III (143.8 g) was stirred in dilute formaldehyde solution (62 ml 37% formaldehyde+water 220 ml) and to the suspension potassium carbonate solution (54.5 g, in water 280 ml) was added dropwise. At the end of the addition, ether was added to the stirred suspension to dissolve the gummy precipitate which formed and after an additional 15 minutes, gas evolution commenced. When this gas evolution ceased (after about 2 hours) the reaction mixture was extracted with additional ether and the combined ether extracts were washed with water and evaporated after drying with Na₂ SO₄. The yield of the ethyl-2-(p-ethoxyphenyl)acrylate (II) (isolated as a yellow oil) was 97.8 g (79.8%).

The following examples B to F show the general method of forming the 2-arylcyclopropane esters and acids (formula I, R³ =Et and H)

EXAMPLE B Ethyl-1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichloro-1-cyclopropane carboxylate (formula I, R³ =Et).

Ethyl-2-p-ethoxyphenyl acrylate (22.0 g) chloroform (23.9 g) and triethylbenzylammonium chloride (0.2 g, dissolved in ethanol, (0.4 ml)) were stirred together under argon cover. Sodium hydroxide (50 ml 50% w/w solution) was added to the solution over 10 minutes, and the temperature allowed to rise to 40°. The mixture was allowed to react without external cooling for a further 3 hours, methylene chloride being added to facilitate the stirring of the thick slurry. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice water (200 ml), extracted with methylene chloride and washed consecutively with water, dilute hydrochloric acid, water and finally dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. After evaporation of the solvent the oil was distilled at 80°-90° at 1×10⁻⁶ Torr. The yield of the ethyl ester (formula I, R³ =Et) was 24.65 g.

EXAMPLE C 1-p-Ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (formula I, R³ =H)

The ethyl ester (24.65 g) was hydrolysed by refluxing for 1 hour with 1 N sodium hydroxide with ethanol added to the reaction mixture, to form a homogeneous solution. The ethanol was evaporated under vacuum, the solution neutralized with dilute HCl and after carbon treatment cooled in ice.

The acid crystallized in pure state from the solution. Yield 21.8 g (79.5%) m.p. 135°-7°.

EXAMPLE D Ethyl-1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate

Isopropyl-triphenyl-phosphonium iodide (10.8 g) was suspended in dry tetrahydrofuran under argon cover at room temperature. To this suspension was added n-butyl lithium (18 ml of 1.42 M solution in hexane) over 5 minutes. After stirring for an additional 30 minutes, ethyl-2-p-ethoxyphenyl-acrylate (5.51 g) in tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) was added dropwise to the deep red solution while maintaining the temperature between 22°-30°. After the exothermic reaction had subsided the solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then quenched in ice-water and extracted with ether. After washing and evaporated of the ether layer the resulting oil was distilled at 90° (1×10⁻⁶ Torr.). The oil, n_(D) ²⁴ =1.5198, was hydrolysed to the acid without further purification.

EXAMPLE E 1-p-Ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

The ester was refluxed for 6 hr in a solution of KOH (10 g) in ethanol/water mixture (150 ml 50%). The ethanol was evaporated off and the solution extracted with ether. The aqueous layer was acidified to yield 5.1 g of the pure acid; m.p. 104°-5°.

EXAMPLE F 1-p-Ethoxyphenyl-2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

Ethyl-2-p-ethoxyphenyl acrylate (11.0 g) was heated in sulfolane (50 ml) to 160°-170°. To this solution dry sodium chlorodifluoroacetate (15.3 g) was added in portions over 1 hour. After a further 30 minutes, the solution was quenched in ice-water and extracted with methylene chloride. The oily residue obtained after the evaporation of the solvent was distilled at 60°-70° (1×10⁻⁴ torr.) to yield 6.05 g of the ester as a yellow oil.

The ester (5.4 g) was hydrolysed in NaOH (2 N) ethanol solution to yield 5.2 g of the acid m.p. 82°-3° from pet. ether/CH₂ Cl₂.

EXAMPLE G

This example shows the general method of formation of esters of 1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (formula I, R³ =(a) to (h)).

(a) 1-p-Ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carbonyl chloride

The 1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (1.38 g) was refluxed on a water bath with thionyl chloride (1.19 g) for 15 minutes. The excess thionyl chloride was then evaporated under vacuum (1 Torr.) and the residue of carbonyl chloride reacted without further purification with one of the alcohols (a), (b), (c) or (d). ##STR11##

(b) Formation of Esters

The alcohol and pyridine in molar ratio 1:1.5 in 5 times their volume of benzene were added to the acid chloride (1 molar ratio dissolved in 5 times its volume of petroleum ether (b.p. 60°-80°). The mixture was allowed to react over 10 hr and after evaporation of the solvents the product was either distilled under vacuum or crystallized from petroleum ether.

EXAMPLE H

This example shows the method of preparing the m-Phenoxy-α-cyanobenzyl esters, i.e., where R³ is the m-phenoxy-α-cyanobenzyl radical (c).

Potassium cyanide (1.30 g) dissolved in water (5 ml) was added in portions to m-phenoxybenzaldehyde bisulphite salt (3.02 g). Ether (5 ml) was then added and the gummy precipitate stirred to form a fine dispersion. This dispersion was stirred for a further 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then extracted with ether and the ether extract washed consecutively with water, sodium bisulphite solution, Na₂ CO₃ solution, water and dried over anhydrous Na₂ SO₄. The cyanohydrin (2.16 g; yellow oil) was reacted immediately, without further purification, with the respective acid chloride by the method of Example G.

EXAMPLE I Resolution of the optical isomers of 1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

To the racemic acid (3 g) (+)-α-methylbenzylamine (1.5 ml) in ethyl acetate (25 ml) was added and the solution heated to 40°. On standing for 4 days 3.82 g of solid precipitate of (+)benzylamine-(-) acid salt was collected. This was recrystallized from ethyl acetate (90 ml) followed by recrystallization from a smaller amount (50 ml) of the same solvent, followed by acetone (25 ml). The crystallizations were carried out at 24 hours intervals, at room temperature (19°-23°). The last recrystallization yielded white needles of the (-)acid salt, 0.68 g, m.p. 172°.

The (-)acid salt was dissolved in ethanol and HCl (2 N) was added. The crystalline precipitate that formed in 24 hours was washed with water and recrystallized twice from aqueous ethanol. The (-)acid 0.38 g (m.p. 167°) had specific rotation α_(D) =-91.8 measured on a Zeiss recording polarimeter in a 2 cm cell at 13°.

To the combined filtrates from the isolation of the (-)acid salt, hydrochloric acid was added and the isolated impure (+)acid was treated with (-)-α-methyl benzylamine (1.5 ml) in ethyl acetate (20 ml). The solution was evaporated to dryness and the solid residue (1.5 g) crystallised from ethyl acetate in 48 hours to yield needles (0.60 g) m.p. 173°. The (+)acid was obtained from this salt by treatment with methanolic HCl. The (+)acid was recrystallized from aqueous ethanol (0.38 g) m.p. 167°. The specific rotation (α_(D)) was +91.0 measured at 13°.

The optically active m-phenoxybenzyl esters were prepared from the resolved acids by methods described for the racemic acid.

The (-)acid ester had a specific rotation α_(D) =-30.5 while the (+)acid ester had α_(D) =+30.5 measured at 13°.

EXAMPLE J m-phenoxybenzyl-1-p-bromophenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane carboxylate (formula I,R¹ =Br) from m-phenoxybenzyl-1-p-aminophenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane carboxylate (formula I,R¹ =NH₂)

m-phenoxybenzyl-1-p-aminophenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane carboxylate (4.28 g) was added with stirring to a solution of 40 hydrogen bromide (5.87 ml) in glacial acetic acid (10 ml) and cooled to 10°. It was diazotised by addition of sodium nitrite (0.7 g). To this solution copper flakes (0.3 g) were added and the temperature allowed to rise slowly to room temperature overnight. The black oil which separated was taken up in dichloromethane and ice water. The resulting layers were separated and the aqueous layer was twice extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extracts were combined, washed with water then dilute sodium bicarbonate solution then water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. The dichloromethane was removed by evaporation and the resulting oil was purified by chromatography on a silica column with dichloromethane as eluent.

4.30 g (yield 87%) of a pale yellow viscous oil was recovered from the purification.

EXAMPLE K

This example demonstrates the preparation of α-hydroxymethylated phenyl acetic acids by the method of Schwenker, Meyer and Strauss, and their subsequent dehydration and hydrolysis to phenyl acrylic acids which can be used as before to prepare cyclopropane carboxylic acids.

Ethyl-2-p-ethoxyphenyl-3-hydroxypropionate

Sodium ethoxide solution in ethanol (0.5 M, 18 ml) was added to a solution of ethyl-p-ethoxyphenylacetate (30 g) in dry dimethyl sulphoxide (180 ml) under argon cover. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and dry paraformaldehyde (5.4 g) added. After 19 h stirring, acetic acid (1.5 ml) was added, the solution quenched in ice and extracted with ether. The ether layer was washed with sodium bicarbonate solution and water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, and the solvent evaporated. The resulting oil crystallized from petroleum ether (40°-60°) to yield 27.8 g product m.p. 35°-36° C.

Analysis: found C, 65.28; H, 7.52. C₁₃ H₁₈ O₄ requires C, 65.53; H, 7.61.

2-p-Ethoxyphenyl acrylic acid

The ethyl-2-p-ethoxyphenyl-3-hydroxypropionate (0.7 g) was refluxed for 7 h in potassium hydroxide solution (20%, 2 ml). It was acidified with dilute HCl and the crude acid (0.46 g, m.p. 103°-107°) used for the next step without further purification.

1-p-Ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dibromocyclopropane carboxylic acid

The acrylic acid (0.29 g) was reacted with sodium hydroxide (50%, 1 ml) and bromoform using triethylbenzyl ammonium chloride as a catalyst following the method of Example B. After isolation 0.16 g of product identical to authentic material obtained by hydrolysis of the ester of Example 7 Table I, was obtained.

EXAMPLES 1 to 37

Using the general methods illustrated in Examples A to J, the compounds shown in Table I were prepared. Analytical and other identifying data are given in Table I.

    TABLE I       ANALYSIS Bp (press.  Ex.  FOUND CALCULATED torr m.p. NMR* Ir ν.sub.ma      x. No. R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4 R.sub.5 C H Cl F(Br) C H Cl F(Br)      ° C. ° C. δ(ppm) (cm.sup.-1       --COOR                     1 Cl H C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Cl Cl 49.3 3.89 36.9  4      9.1 3.77 36.2  95 (1 × 10.sup.-6)   2 Cl H H Cl Cl 45.4 2.72 40.0      45.2 2.66 40.1   111 3 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Cl Cl 55.8      5.32 23.7  55.5 5.32 23.4  80-90               (1 × 10.sup.-6) 4      C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H H Cl Cl          137 5 --OCH.sub.2 O-- C.sub.2      H.sub.5 Cl Cl 51.2 4.04 23.2  51.5 3.99 23.4   74  6 --OCH.sub.2 O-- H      Cl Cl 48.0 2.99 25.8  48.0 2.93 25.8   161 7 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H C.sub.2      H.sub.5 Br Br 42.6 4.42 -- (40.5) 42.9 4.11 -- (40.8) 90 (1 ×      10.sup.-4)   8 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H H Br Br 39.8 3.42 -- (43.7) 39.6 3.32      -- (43.9)  142 9 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H C.sub.2 H.sub.5 F F 62.3 5.96 --      13.7 62.2 5.97 -- 14.1 60 (1 × 10.sup.-4) 10 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H H      F F 59.4 5.02  15.9 59.5 4.09  15.7  81  INSECTICIDAL ESTERS 11 Cl H A       Cl Cl 61.8 3.80 23.8  61.7 3.92 23.9  155 (1 × 10.sup.-6)      quartet, 2.33 1735 12 Cl H B Cl Cl 60.8 4.10 24.6  60.6 3.93 24.4   51      quartet, 2.35 1745 13 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H A Cl Cl 66.1 5.00 15.4  66.6      4.85 15.5   quartet, 2.30 1738 14 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H B Cl Cl 64.9 5.22      16.2  64.7 4.98 15.9   quartet, 2.33 1735 15 --OCH.sub.2 O-- A Cl Cl      63.1 3.97 15.5  63.0 3.95 15.5   58 quartet, 2.35 1727 16 --OCH.sub.2      O-- B Cl Cl 62.0 4.12 15.9  62.0 4.07 15.6  45 quartet, 2.30 1730 17      C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H A Br Br  54.9 4.08  (29.3) 55.0 4.06  (29.3)      quartet, 2.47 1740 18 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H B Br Br 54.2 4.15  (29.5) 54.0      4.15  (29.9)  quartet, 2.45 1735 19** (-)C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H A Cl Cl      same as No. 13 20** (+)C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H A Cl Cl same as No. 13 21      C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H A F F 71.1 5.22  9.0 70.7 5.27  9.0  multiplet, 2.21 1      740 22 C.sub.2 H.sub.5       O H B F F 70.3 5.38  9.1 68.9 5.44  9.2  multiplet, 2.24 1738 23      C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H C Cl Cl     64.7 4.4 14.7 (N;2.9)  quartet, 2.33      1750 24 --OCH.sub.2 O-- C Cl Cl     62.3 3.55 14.7 (N;2.9)  quartet,      2.32 1750 25 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H A CH.sub.3  CH.sub.3 78.1 6.93 --      (O;15.1) 77.9 6.77  (O;15.4)  quartet, 1.38 1730 26 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H      B CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 77.1 6.77 -- (O;15.7) 77.2 6.98  (O;15.8)  quartet,      1.38 1730  27 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H D Cl Cl 58.62 4.36 17.7 -- 58.69 4.43      17.3 --  quartet 2.32 1735 28 CH.sub.3 O H A F Cl 67.64 4.76 8.4 4.7      67.53 4.72 8.3 4.5  multiplets 2.7,                1.9 29 C.sub.2      H.sub.5 O H A Br Cl 60.21 4.60 7.2 (16.2) 59.84 4.42 7.1 (15.9)      doublets 2.58,                2.64, 2.08 30 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 S H A Cl Cl      63.50 4.71 15.1 -- 63.42 4.68 15.0 --  quartet 2.32 1740 31 H CH.sub.3 A      Cl Cl 67.40 5.08 17.0 -- 67.48 4.68 16.6 -- 32 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 H A Cl Cl      68.34 5.14 16.1 -- 68.03 5.02 16.1 --  quartet 2.32 1740 33 NO.sub.2 H A      Cl Cl 60.11 3.81 15.6 -- 60.27 3.74 15.5 --  quartet 2.50 1745 34**      (-)C.sub.2 H.sub.5 O H A CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 Same as No. 25 Same as No. 25      [α] = -13.3)  35 HH A Cl Cl 66.55 4.53 18.2 -- 65.84 4.52 17.7 --       quartet 2.30 1740 36 NH.sub.2 H A Cl Cl 64.42 4.60 16.7 -- 64.49 4.47      16.6 --  quartet 2.22 1740 37 Br H A Cl Cl 51.41 3.18 15.9 (17.9) 56.12      3.48 14.41 (16.24) 160° at 10-6  quartet 2.40 1745      Torr      *Values given for --CH.sub.2 --  of cyclopropane ring      **Refers to optical isomers (see text).

In Table I, the substituents for R³ listed as A-D correspond to substituents (a)-(d) of the structural formula I.

It may also be seen from Table I, in particular examples 1 to 10, that when R³ is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R¹ and R² are not both hydrogen.

EXAMPLE 38

The biological activity of the new esters of Examples 11 to 37 was examined in a series of tests, the results of which are collected in Table II.

Insecticidal activity and repellency were investigated against the common housefly, Musca domestica, and the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Acaricidal activity was measured against larvae of the Australian cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The methods used were as follows:

(i) Housefly

(a) Insecticidal Activity

Tests were carried out using a standard DDT-susceptible strain (WHO/IN/l) of M. domestica. The compound was applied in an acetone solution by micro-syringe to the dorsum of the thorax of two day old female flies reared from pupae of average weight 2.2-2.5 gm/100 pupae. The adult flies were fed on water and sugar-only diet and maintained at 26° C. and 70% RH. The mortalities were counted at 48 hours after treatment and compared with acetone-treated controls. Flies unable to move or stand normally were considered dead. The LD₅₀ value was obtained from a logit computer programme based on three replicates of 10 flies at each dose level. The LD₅₀ value for DDT determined under the same conditions was 0.26 μg/fly.

(b) Potentiation

The compound was also tested on the insects described above in conjunction with the potentiator "Sesoxane" by applying 0.5 microliters of a 1% w/v acetone solution of "Sesoxane" with the compound under test.

The mortalities were counted at 48 hours after treatment and compared with acetone and acetone/potentiator controls.

The LD₅₀ value was determined as described above. For DDT, with the same potentiator the LD₅₀ value was 0.24 μg/fly.

About the same levels of potentiation were obtained when "Sesoxane" was replaced by an equal amount of piperonyl butoxide.

(c) Insect Repellency

Repellency tests were carried out on the same strain of housefly as in the mortality tests. Female flies at least two days old, not previously fed protein, were taken the day before the test, anaesthetized with CO₂ and counted into holding containers of twenty flies each. These were supplied with water and solid sucrose. On the day of the tests the food and water were removed in the morning (0900 hr). As the tests were performed only between 1200 hr and 1730 hr, the flies were therefore starved for a minimum of three hours before testing.

The test involved the use of attractant baits to which the candidate compound was applied. These were exposed to the flies and the number of flies landing on each bait counted. The baits consisted of aluminium caps of area 5.94 cm² filled with bakers yeast mixed with water and slightly heated to form a solid surface film.

Eight lots of 20 flies were used in a run in which seven discs were treated with a graded dilution series of the test chemical using acetone as solvent, together with one disc treated with acetone as a control. The concentrations of the compound ranged from 0.031 μg/μl doubling at each level up to 2.0 μg/μl. One hundred microliters of each solution was pipetted evenly over the surface of each disc and left until the acetone had evaporated.

The flies to be used were released into standard 205 mm×205 mm×255 mm mesh cages and left to acclimatize in the test room maintained at a temperature of 26° C.±1° C. and humidity approximately 60%, for ten minutes before introducing the treated discs into each cage. Before use the discs were marked on the reverse sides and then randomly mixed to avoid bias in counting. In the thirty minute period of the test the number of flies on the surface of each disc was counted in the first and second minute after introducing the baits and thereafter every two minutes. In this way sixteen counts were obtained for each concentration, the totals of which were then used for a regression analysis of the concentration effect. Also a total number of landings for each concentration was obtained and used for calculation of the Index of Repellency (IR). All replicate tests were carried out with fresh flies and baits, and the compounds were tested in three replicate runs.

The total number of flies counted on each disc for the seven concentration levels was summed and averaged. In the following formula this figure is designated (N), where (C) equals the number of flies counted on the control: ##EQU1##

(ii) Sheep Blowfly

(a) Insecticidal Activity

The compounds were tested for activity against a dieldrin susceptible strain (LBB) which had been collected before dieldrin usage in the field.

The test compound was applied in acetone solution, 0.5 μl dispensed with a Drummond micropipette to the dorsum of the thorax of 2-3 day old females. Adult flies were fed on water and sugar only and maintained at 25° C. and 60-70% RH. The mortalities were determined after 24 hours. Moribund flies were regarded as dead. The LD₅₀ values, in terms of concentration, were interpolated from a probit/log dose graph using a computer program and are converted to μg in Table II.

Comparative LD₅₀ figures for DDT and dieldrin are 0.17 and 0.025 μg/insect.

(b) Potentiation

Potentiation with "Sesoxane" was investigated as described above in the housefly tests.

(c) Repellency

Repellency was determined as described above in the housefly tests, except that the baits consisted of an agar gel containing fresh beef blood.

(iii) Cattle Tick

The determinations of mortalities were carried out in packets on 7-14 day old larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus using the method described by B. F. Stone in "Inheritance of resistance to organophosphorus acaricides in the cattle tick Boophilus microplus". Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 21, 309-319, (1968).

Mortalities were counted 24 hours after the application of the compounds.

                                      TABLE II                                     __________________________________________________________________________     INSECTICIDAL AND ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY                                           Example No.                                                                           HOUSEFLY                                                                Refer to                                                                              LD.sub.50                                                                             + Sesoxane LD.sub.50                                                                    Repellency                                                                          OTHER ACTIVITY                                     Table I                                                                               μg/♀ insect                                                                 μ/♀ insect                                                                    Index                                                                               Blowfly = Lucilia cuprina                          __________________________________________________________________________     11     0.35   0.009    77                                                      12     0.32   0.0079   86                                                      13     0.19   0.018    66   Cattle tick larvae                                                             100% kill at 0.1%                                                              Blowfly LD.sub.50 = 0.09 μg/ins.                14     0.29   0.0011   89   Blowfly repellency 81                              15     0.23   0.0071                                                           16     0.08   0.0046   45   Blowfly repellency 50                              17     0.18   0.0062                                                           18     0.29   0.007                                                            19     0.078  0.0016        Blowfly repellency 56                              20     3.0    0.013         Blowfly repellency 28                              21     0.55   0.0028                                                           22     0.32   0.0095                                                           23     0.22   0.029                                                            24     0.10   0.02     82                                                      25     >2.0   0.03                                                             26     >2.0   0.04                                                             27     0.32   0.05     26                                                      28     0.20   0.007                                                            29     1.5    0.05                                                             30     1.0    0.01                                                             31     >1.0   0.061    57                                                      32     0.14   <0.01                                                            33     0.8    0.02                                                             34     1.0    0.023                                                            35     1.4    0.019                                                            36     >32    >32                                                              37     0.8    0.08                                                             __________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 39

The following are examples of insecticidal compositions in accordance with the invention. All parts are by weight.

(a) Spray formulation

The following composition is adapted for spray application.

    ______________________________________                                         Compound of formula I    4.0                                                   "Sesoxane" or Piperonyl                                                          butoxide               1.0                                                   Deodorized kerosene      79.4                                                  Alkylated naphthalene    16.0                                                  ______________________________________                                    

(b) Aerosol

The following materials are metered into a suitable `bomb` container sealed and equipped with a valve in the usual way.

    ______________________________________                                         Compound of formula I    3.0                                                   Potentiator              1.0                                                   Methylene chloride       10.0                                                  `Freon 12`               43.0                                                  `Freon 11`               43.0                                                  ______________________________________                                    

(c) Water dispersable powder

The following powdered composition is intended for dispersing in water for application as a spray.

    ______________________________________                                         Compound of formula I     50.0                                                 Synthetic fine silica     30.0                                                 Alkyl aryl sodium sulphonate                                                                             1.5                                                  Methyl cellulose (15 cp.) .25                                                  Attapulgite               8.25                                                 ______________________________________                                     

We claim:
 1. The (+), (-), and (±) forms of the compounds of the general formula I ##STR12## wherein R' is hydrogen or a methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, nitro or amino group, and R² is hydrogen or methyl or R¹ and R² together form a methylenedioxy group, provided, however, that R¹ and R² are not both hydrogen;R³ is hydrogen or lower alkyl; and R⁴ and R⁵ are the same or different groups and each is a fluoro, bromo, chloro or methyl group.
 2. The (-) epimer of the m-phenoxybenzyl ester of 1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1 carboxylic acid.
 3. 1-p-Chlorophenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and its ethyl ester, in their (+), (-) and (±) forms.
 4. 1-p-Ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and its ethyl ester, in their (+), (-) and (±) forms.
 5. 1-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and its ethyl ester, in their (+), (-) and (±) forms.
 6. 1-p-Ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dibromocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and its ethyl ester, in their (+), (-) and (±) forms.
 7. 1-p-Ethoxyphenyl-2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and its ethyl ester, in their (+), (-) and (±) forms.
 8. The (+), (-) and (±) forms of the m-phenoxy-α-cyanobenzyl ester of:1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid.
 9. The (+), (-) and (±) forms of the compounds of the formula I ##STR13## wherein R¹ is hydrogen or a methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, ethyl or nitro, and R² is hydrogen or methyl; R³ is ##STR14## and R⁴ and R⁵ are the same or different groups and each is a fluoro, bromo, chloro or methyl group.
 10. The (+), (-) and (±) forms of the m-phenoxybenzyl esters of 1-p-chlorophenyl-1,2,-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dibromocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, or 1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid.
 11. The (+), (-) and (±) forms of m-phenoxybenzyl esters of 1-p-methoxyphenyl-2-chloro-2-fluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 1-p-ethoxyphenyl-2-bromo-2-chloro-2-fluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 1-p-ethylthiophenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 1-m-tolyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 1-p-ethylphenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 1-p-nitrophenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 1-phenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, or 1-p-bromophenyl-2,2-dichlorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid.
 12. Insecticidal compositions comprising at least one of the compounds of formula I of claim 9, incorporated with a carrier.
 13. Insecticidal compositions as claimed in claim 12, additionally containing at least one synergistic or potentiating agent of the class of microsomal oxidase inhibitors.
 14. Insecticidal compositions as claimed in claim 13 wherein the synergist is one of the following α-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene, 3-hexyl-5(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-cyclohexanone, 2-(3,4-methylenedioxy-phenoxy)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane, 1,2-(methylenedioxy-phenoxy)-4-[2-(octyl-sulfinyl)propyl]-benzene, or dipropyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-7-methylnaphtho-[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxole-5,6-dicarboxylate.
 15. Insecticidal compositions as claimed in claim 13, wherein the synergist or potentiator is a pyrethrin synergist.
 16. Insecticidal compositions as claimed in claim 13, wherein the synergist is α-[2-(2-buthoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene, or 2-(3,4-methylenedioxy-phenoxy)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane used in an amount from 1/1000th to 5 times the weight of the compound I.
 17. Insecticidal compositions as claimed in claim 13, wherein the amount of 2-(3,4-methylenedioxy-phenoxy)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane, or α-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene used is from about 1/100th to an equal part by weight per part of the compound I.
 18. The compounds of claim 1 wherein R¹ is hydrogen, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, or ethyl.
 19. The compounds of claim 9 wherein R¹ is hydrogen or a methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl, or ethyl.
 20. The compound of claim 1 wherein R¹ is hydrogen, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, fluoro, chloro, bromo, methyl or ethyl and R² is hydrogen or methyl. 